DC Fast Charging Protocols: A Deep Dive into CCS, CHAdeMO, and Tesla Supercharger
AC charging, which is typically accessible in homes, shopping malls, and offices, is the most popular charging method for electric vehicles (EVs). Level 2 AC chargers power the vehicle's onboard charger, which converts AC to DC for battery charging. However, due to restrictions such as cost, space, and weight, the acceptance rate of onboard chargers differs per brand. As a result, Level 2 charging periods might vary from four to more than twelve hours, depending on the vehicle.
In contrast, DC Fast Charging bypasses the onboard charger's constraints by directly delivering DC power to the battery, considerably increasing charging speed. Many cars can charge to 80% capacity in roughly or less an hour using DC fast chargers, making them ideal for high-mileage driving and big fleets. This speedy turnaround enables drivers to recharge during breaks, rather than requiring overnight or lengthy charging sessions.
Earlier EVs could only charge at 50 kW on DC units, while modern versions can handle up to 270 kW or more. As battery capacities have grown, DC chargers have developed to produce larger outputs, with some capable of supplying up to 350 kW.
Combined Charging System (CCS)
CCS is an international charging standard used by a variety of automakers and charging infrastructure suppliers. It integrates AC and DC charging into a single socket, giving EV owners greater flexibility. In addition to the usual Type 2 AC pins, CCS uses a composite connector with two more DC pins. This enables high-power DC charging.
CCS is gaining popularity internationally because of its flexibility and interoperability, having been widely embraced by European and North American automakers. CCS offers high-power charging at rates ranging from 50 kW to more than 350 kW, depending on the charger and vehicle capability.
CHAdeMO
CHAdeMO, created by Japanese firms, was one of the first DC rapid charging standards. It has been widely adopted by Japanese automakers and is popular in Asia, portions of Europe, and North America. CHAdeMO connectors include a wide, circular plug with many pins for DC and AC charging.
Although CHAdeMO was first popular, its popularity has declined in comparison to CCS and Tesla Superchargers. However, it remains an important standard, notably in Japan. CHAdeMO enables charging rates ranging from 50 kW to 100 kW, with later versions aiming to reach 400 kW.
Tesla Superchargers
Tesla created its private Supercharger network to enable long-distance driving for its vehicles. Initially confined to Tesla automobiles, the network has grown dramatically over time. Tesla Superchargers employ a custom connector created particularly for Tesla automobiles, with a single plug for DC charging.
Exclusive to Tesla vehicles, however adapters are available to allow non-Tesla EVs to connect to the network. Tesla Superchargers provide some of the quickest charging speeds available, ranging from 72 kW to 250 kW, depending on the charger version and vehicle capacity.
Why should you choose DC charging?
When switching from internal combustion engine cars to electric vehicles (EVs), DC charging provides a comparable experience to refueling at a petrol station. It's quick, similar to filling up the petrol tank, and is frequently accompanied by facilities and snacks to make the wait more pleasant. However, DC charging is considered premium charging. The cost of a 'fill-up' at a DC station is determined by factors such as time of day and location, both of which can impact the overall cost.
